What is the fallacy of the undistributed middle?
A) The middle term is distributed in both premises
B) The middle term is not distributed in either premise
C) The conclusion has too many terms
D) The major premise is negative
'All dogs are animals. All cats are animals. Therefore, all dogs are cats.' What fallacy does this commit?
A) Illicit major
B) Illicit minor
C) Undistributed middle
D) Four-term fallacy
What is the four-term fallacy (quaternio terminorum)?
A) A syllogism with only two terms
B) A syllogism that uses four different terms instead of the required three
C) A syllogism with four premises
D) A syllogism with four conclusions
What is the fallacy of illicit major?
A) The major term is distributed in the conclusion but not in the major premise
B) The minor term is distributed in the conclusion but not in the minor premise
C) The middle term appears in the conclusion
D) The conclusion is affirmative when a premise is negative
What is the fallacy of illicit minor?
A) The major term is undistributed in the conclusion
B) The minor term is distributed in the conclusion but not in the minor premise
C) The minor premise is missing
D) The conclusion is negative when both premises are affirmative
If both premises of a syllogism are negative, the syllogism is:
A) Always valid
B) Valid only in the second figure
C) Invalid — no conclusion can be drawn from two negative premises
D) Valid if the conclusion is also negative
If one premise is negative, the conclusion must be:
A) Affirmative
B) Negative
C) Particular
D) Universal
'All heroes are brave. Some cowards are not brave. Therefore some cowards are not heroes.' Is this valid or invalid?
A) Invalid — fallacy of undistributed middle
B) Invalid — illicit major
C) Valid
D) Invalid — two negative premises
The fallacy of affirming the consequent has the form:
A) If P then Q; P; therefore Q
B) If P then Q; Q; therefore P
C) If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P
D) If P then Q; not P; therefore not Q
The fallacy of denying the antecedent has the form:
A) If P then Q; P; therefore Q
B) If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P
C) If P then Q; not P; therefore not Q
D) If P then Q; Q; therefore P
If both premises of a syllogism are particular (I or O), the syllogism is:
A) Valid only if the conclusion is universal
B) Always valid
C) Invalid — no conclusion can be drawn from two particular premises
D) Valid only in the fourth figure
'All fish can swim. All trout can swim. Therefore all trout are fish.' What fallacy is committed?
A) Four-term fallacy
B) Illicit minor
C) Undistributed middle
D) Denying the antecedent