Hint: If it rains the ground is wet; the ground is wet; therefore it rained (invalid — sprinklers could cause wet ground)
What is the fallacy of denying the antecedent?
Hint: If it rains the ground is wet; it didn't rain; therefore the ground isn't wet (invalid)
What is a pure hypothetical syllogism (chain argument)?
Hint: The consequent of the first becomes the antecedent of the second
What is the antecedent in 'If it rains, the ground gets wet'?
What is the consequent in 'If it rains, the ground gets wet'?
What is modus ponens?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Affirming the antecedent to conclude the consequent
C) Affirming the consequent
D) Denying the consequent to deny the antecedent
What is modus tollens?
A) Affirming the consequent
B) Affirming the antecedent
C) Denying the consequent to deny the antecedent
D) Denying the antecedent to deny the consequent
Given 'If it rains, the ground is wet' and 'The ground is wet,' what can we validly conclude?
A) It rained
B) It did not rain
C) Nothing — this commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent
D) The ground will stay wet
Given 'If it rains, the ground is wet' and 'It did not rain,' what can we validly conclude?
A) The ground is wet
B) The ground is not wet
C) Nothing — this commits the fallacy of denying the antecedent
D) It will rain later
A pure hypothetical syllogism takes which form?
A) If P then Q; P; therefore Q
B) If P then Q; if Q then R; therefore if P then R
C) Either P or Q; not P; therefore Q
D) If P then Q; not Q; therefore not P
In the conditional 'If you study, then you will pass,' the antecedent is:
A) You will pass
B) You study
C) You will not pass
D) Studying is important
Which of the following is a valid application of modus tollens?
A) If it snows, school is cancelled. It snowed. Therefore school is cancelled.
B) If it snows, school is cancelled. School was not cancelled. Therefore it did not snow.
C) If it snows, school is cancelled. School was cancelled. Therefore it snowed.
D) If it snows, school is cancelled. It did not snow. Therefore school was not cancelled.
What is the consequent in the statement 'If virtue is knowledge, then virtue can be taught'?
A) Virtue is knowledge
B) Virtue can be taught
C) Knowledge can be taught
D) Virtue is not knowledge
Which fallacy is committed: 'If Socrates is a man, then Socrates is mortal. Socrates is mortal. Therefore Socrates is a man.'?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Affirming the consequent
C) Undistributed middle
D) Illicit major
What distinguishes a mixed hypothetical syllogism from a pure hypothetical syllogism?
A) A mixed one has three conditionals; a pure one has two
B) A pure one chains conditionals; a mixed one affirms or denies part of a single conditional
C) They are identical forms
D) A mixed one uses disjunctions; a pure one uses conjunctions