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A macron is the line above a vowel (like ā ē ī ō ū). It marks a long vowel — hold the sound twice as long as a short vowel. For example, the 1st declension ablative singular ending is -ā (long), while the nominative is -a(short). Say "ah" vs. "aah."
Why does it matter? In Latin, vowel length can change meaning. mālum means "apple" but malum means "evil." In the declension endings, macrons distinguish cases — for instance, the 1st declension -a (nominative) vs. -ā (ablative). Knowing your macrons makes you a more precise reader of Latin.
Model: mensa (table)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative(Subject) | -a | -ae |
| Genitive(Possessive) | -ae | -ārum |
| Dative(Indirect Object) | -ae | -īs |
| Accusative(Direct Object) | -am | -ās |
| Ablative(Various) | -ā | -īs |
Model: servus (servant)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative(Subject) | -us | -ī |
| Genitive(Possessive) | -ī | -ōrum |
| Dative(Indirect Object) | -ō | -īs |
| Accusative(Direct Object) | -um | -ōs |
| Ablative(Various) | -ō | -īs |
Model: rex (king)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative(Subject) | — (various) | -ēs |
| Genitive(Possessive) | -is | -um |
| Dative(Indirect Object) | -ī | -ibus |
| Accusative(Direct Object) | -em | -ēs |
| Ablative(Various) | -e | -ibus |
Model: exercitus (army)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative(Subject) | -us | -ūs |
| Genitive(Possessive) | -ūs | -uum |
| Dative(Indirect Object) | -uī | -ibus |
| Accusative(Direct Object) | -um | -ūs |
| Ablative(Various) | -ū | -ibus |
Model: rēs (thing)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative(Subject) | -ēs | -ēs |
| Genitive(Possessive) | -eī | -ērum |
| Dative(Indirect Object) | -eī | -ēbus |
| Accusative(Direct Object) | -em | -ēs |
| Ablative(Various) | -ē | -ēbus |