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All Cheat Sheets
Printable Latin chart
See the whole verb system before you drill it.
Keep active and passive forms on one printable reference page, then move into recall practice when the pattern is familiar.
Latin Conjugation Chart
All 4 conjugations + 3rd -io - active and passive indicative across all 6 tenses
Person Reference
1st Sg. = I / I am [verb]ed2nd Sg. = you / you are [verb]ed3rd Sg. = he/she/it [verb]s · is [verb]ed1st Pl. = we / we are [verb]ed2nd Pl. = you all / you all are [verb]ed3rd Pl. = they / they are [verb]ed
How to use this chart
Each row shows the endingsattached to the verb stem. To find the full form of a verb, take the verb's stem (1st principal part minus the ending) and add the ending shown. Example: amō to stem am- to amō, amās, amat.
For perfect-system tenses (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect), use the perfect stem - the 3rd principal part minus -ī. For amō, amāre, amāvī, amātus the perfect stem is amāv-; for dūcō, dūcere, dūxī, ductus it is dūx-. Each verb has its own perfect stem, learned from the principal parts.
1st Conjugation
Model: amō, amāre — to love
Active Voice (I love, I am loving, I had loved...)
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -ō | -ās | -at | -āmus | -ātis | -ant |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -ābam | -ābās | -ābat | -ābāmus | -ābātis | -ābant |
| Future(Futūrum) | -ābō | -ābis | -ābit | -ābimus | -ābitis | -ābunt |
| Perfect(Perfectum) | -āvī | -āvistī | -āvit | -āvimus | -āvistis | -āvērunt |
| Pluperfect(Plūsquamperfectum) | -āveram | -āverās | -āverat | -āverāmus | -āverātis | -āverant |
| Future Perfect(Futūrum Perfectum) | -āverō | -āveris | -āverit | -āverimus | -āveritis | -āverint |
Passive Voice (I am loved, I was being loved, I will be loved...)
Present-system passive only (synthetic forms). For perfect-system passive (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Passive), see the compound template below — same construction across all conjugations.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -or | -āris (-āre) | -ātur | -āmur | -āminī | -antur |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -ābar | -ābāris (-ābāre) | -ābātur | -ābāmur | -ābāminī | -ābantur |
| Future(Futūrum) | -ābor | -āberis (-ābere) | -ābitur | -ābimur | -ābiminī | -ābuntur |
2nd Conjugation
Model: moneō, monēre — to warn
Active Voice (I love, I am loving, I had loved...)
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -eō | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -ēbam | -ēbās | -ēbat | -ēbāmus | -ēbātis | -ēbant |
| Future(Futūrum) | -ēbō | -ēbis | -ēbit | -ēbimus | -ēbitis | -ēbunt |
| Perfect(Perfectum) | -uī | -uistī | -uit | -uimus | -uistis | -uērunt |
| Pluperfect(Plūsquamperfectum) | -ueram | -uerās | -uerat | -uerāmus | -uerātis | -uerant |
| Future Perfect(Futūrum Perfectum) | -uerō | -ueris | -uerit | -uerimus | -ueritis | -uerint |
Passive Voice (I am loved, I was being loved, I will be loved...)
Present-system passive only (synthetic forms). For perfect-system passive (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Passive), see the compound template below — same construction across all conjugations.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -eor | -ēris (-ēre) | -ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -ēbar | -ēbāris (-ēbāre) | -ēbātur | -ēbāmur | -ēbāminī | -ēbantur |
| Future(Futūrum) | -ēbor | -ēberis (-ēbere) | -ēbitur | -ēbimur | -ēbiminī | -ēbuntur |
3rd Conjugation
Model: dūcō, dūcere — to lead
Active Voice (I love, I am loving, I had loved...)
Perfect-system endings shown below are UNIVERSAL — they attach to the verb's perfect stem (the 3rd principal part minus -ī). For dūcō the perfect stem is dūx-, so "I led" = dūxī, "we had led" = dūxerāmus, "they will have led" = dūxerint. Each 3rd-conjugation verb has its own irregular perfect stem learned from the principal parts.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -unt |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -ēbam | -ēbās | -ēbat | -ēbāmus | -ēbātis | -ēbant |
| Future(Futūrum) | -am | -ēs | -et | -ēmus | -ētis | -ent |
| Perfect(Perfectum) | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt |
| Pluperfect(Plūsquamperfectum) | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant |
| Future Perfect(Futūrum Perfectum) | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint |
Passive Voice (I am loved, I was being loved, I will be loved...)
Present-system passive only (synthetic forms). For perfect-system passive (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Passive), see the compound template below — same construction across all conjugations.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -or | -eris (-ere) | -itur | -imur | -iminī | -untur |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -ēbar | -ēbāris (-ēbāre) | -ēbātur | -ēbāmur | -ēbāminī | -ēbantur |
| Future(Futūrum) | -ar | -ēris (-ēre) | -ētur | -ēmur | -ēminī | -entur |
3rd (-iō) Conjugation
Model: capiō, capere — to take
Active Voice (I love, I am loving, I had loved...)
Universal perfect-system endings (see 3rd conjugation note). For capiō the perfect stem is cēp- (lengthened from cap-), so "I took" = cēpī, "we had taken" = cēperāmus.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -iō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -iunt |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -iēbam | -iēbās | -iēbat | -iēbāmus | -iēbātis | -iēbant |
| Future(Futūrum) | -iam | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient |
| Perfect(Perfectum) | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt |
| Pluperfect(Plūsquamperfectum) | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant |
| Future Perfect(Futūrum Perfectum) | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint |
Passive Voice (I am loved, I was being loved, I will be loved...)
Present-system passive only (synthetic forms). For perfect-system passive (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Passive), see the compound template below — same construction across all conjugations.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -ior | -eris (-ere) | -itur | -imur | -iminī | -iuntur |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -iēbar | -iēbāris (-iēbāre) | -iēbātur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāminī | -iēbantur |
| Future(Futūrum) | -iar | -iēris (-iēre) | -iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur |
4th Conjugation
Model: audiō, audīre — to hear
Active Voice (I love, I am loving, I had loved...)
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -iō | -īs | -it | -īmus | -ītis | -iunt |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -iēbam | -iēbās | -iēbat | -iēbāmus | -iēbātis | -iēbant |
| Future(Futūrum) | -iam | -iēs | -iet | -iēmus | -iētis | -ient |
| Perfect(Perfectum) | -īvī | -īvistī | -īvit | -īvimus | -īvistis | -īvērunt |
| Pluperfect(Plūsquamperfectum) | -īveram | -īverās | -īverat | -īverāmus | -īverātis | -īverant |
| Future Perfect(Futūrum Perfectum) | -īverō | -īveris | -īverit | -īverimus | -īveritis | -īverint |
Passive Voice (I am loved, I was being loved, I will be loved...)
Present-system passive only (synthetic forms). For perfect-system passive (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect Passive), see the compound template below — same construction across all conjugations.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present(Praesēns) | -ior | -īris (-īre) | -ītur | -īmur | -īminī | -iuntur |
| Imperfect(Imperfectum) | -iēbar | -iēbāris (-iēbāre) | -iēbātur | -iēbāmur | -iēbāminī | -iēbantur |
| Future(Futūrum) | -iar | -iēris (-iēre) | -iētur | -iēmur | -iēminī | -ientur |
Perfect-System Passive (Compound Forms)
Universal across all 4 conjugations - example uses amātus (the perfect-passive participle of amō)
How perfect-system passive works
Latin perfect-system passive tenses are compound: the verb's perfect-passive participle (4th principal part) combines with a form of esse (“to be”). The participle agrees with the subject in gender and number — the masculine forms amātus / amātī are shown below; feminine subjects use amāta / amātae; neuter subjects use amātum / amāta.
Substitute any verb's 4th principal part for amātus: for moneō use monitus; for dūcō use ductus; for capiō use captus; for audiō use audītus.
| Tense | 1st Sg. | 2nd Sg. | 3rd Sg. | 1st Pl. | 2nd Pl. | 3rd Pl. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perfect Passive(Perfectum Passīvum) | amātus sum | amātus es | amātus est | amātī sumus | amātī estis | amātī sunt |
| Pluperfect Passive(Plūsquamperfectum Passīvum) | amātus eram | amātus erās | amātus erat | amātī erāmus | amātī erātis | amātī erant |
| Future Perfect Passive(Futūrum Perfectum Passīvum) | amātus erō | amātus eris | amātus erit | amātī erimus | amātī eritis | amātī erunt |
The helper-verb pattern
The forms of esse used as helpers in this construction:
- Perfect Passive: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt
- Pluperfect Passive: eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant
- Future Perfect Passive: erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt
Want to put these forms to work?
See How to Read a Latin Sentence for word order, agreement rules, and the parsing patterns that turn these endings into translation.
Review conjugation charts